When printing a 3mm thick object, why is the infill not printed for 0.10DETAIL only?  

RE: When printing a 3mm thick object, why is the infill not printed for 0.10DETAIL only?

I don't understand your question, you picture a completely normal looking preview.  Please explain what it is you think is wrong.  Either by pictures or better yet by including prusa slicer 3mf project files (must zip up 3mf projects for the forum to attach them).  One project showing a 'good' result and a second project showing the 'bad' result.

Project files include your model and the profile settings you are using and allow anyone to slice and preview as you are doing which is much more useful for debugging issues.  Your settings are the most important thing, when I slice with a 0.1 layer height I get infill for example.  

RE: When printing a 3mm thick object, why is the infill not printed for 0.10DETAIL only?

Sorry for the lack of explanation.The attached photo was normal. (0.15)This attached photo is from 0.1.The project is also attached. The settings should be default.

RE: When printing a 3mm thick object, why is the infill not printed for 0.10DETAIL only?

The obvious thing is the top one is configured with 2 perimeters and the bottom one has 3 configured.  Which does not leave enough space for any topfill or infill to be generated.  

As all 3 use Arachne slicing then with 3 perimeters the extrusion widths are adjusted so that they all fit perfectly with 3 perimeters.  If you change to Classic slicing that uses fixed widths then there would be a very small gap with 3 perimeters which is why when that happens it uses gapfill to fill in the small gap as there not enough room for normal sparse infill.  Of course with 2 perimeters there's plenty of room left for spare infill between the walls and topfill/bottomfill on top/bottom.  

The built in profiles are the start of settings, you as a user are expected to learn about the settings and adjust them to suit your model geometry and your objects purpose.  You will find that they are not 1 size fits all.  

RE: When printing a 3mm thick object, why is the infill not printed for 0.10DETAIL only?

Why doesn't this occur with a stacking pitch of 0.07, 0.15, or 0.20?

RE: When printing a 3mm thick object, why is the infill not printed for 0.10DETAIL only?

I gave you the answer, the profiles settings for perimeter counts. The 0.1 profile has 3 perimeters configured and so there is only room for perimeters. The other profiles have 2 configured and so can fit in infill, top fill and bottom fill. Change the perimeter count on any of the profiles to match and the behaviour is the same regardless of layer height used. 
It is purely a difference in the perimeter count setting.